Three-year-old Mark wanted to help his mother vacuum the floor. After an accident, his mother declared "I knew you were too little to do this!" How was Mark most likely affected according to Erickson's stages of human development?

In the context of Erikson's stages of human development, the situation presented describes a scenario that relates specifically to the stage of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 1 and 3 years, during which children are developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. When Mark's mother expresses doubt about his ability to vacuum, she inadvertently communicates a lack of confidence in his capabilities.

This can lead to feelings of shame and doubt in Mark, possibly affecting his self-esteem. At this age, children are eager to assert their autonomy and try new tasks, and when they receive negative feedback, it can inhibit their willingness to take initiative in future activities. Mark’s desire to help reflects a budding sense of autonomy, but his mother's response may create feelings of inadequacy.

In contrast, the other stages listed do not align well with the situation. Trust versus Mistrust is focused on infants’ basic needs being met, Initiative versus Guilt pertains to preschool-aged children needing to balance their desire for initiative with the potential guilt from overstepping boundaries, and Identity versus Confusion involves adolescents developing a sense of self. Thus, the correct choice highlights Mark's experience in navigating autonomy, directly influenced